The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as an institution for organizing foreign policy, is a modern phenomenon that dates back to Seventeenth Century CE (Christian Era) Europe. This institution entered the political structure of the Muslim World during the period of decline of the Uthmani Khilafah (Ottoman Caliphate),

The news: A report by Axios on Tuesday (July 22, 2025) stated that senior American, “Israeli,” and Syrian officials are expected to meet next Thursday in an attempt to reach security understandings regarding the situation in southern Syria. The meeting will be chaired by the US envoy to Syria, Tom Barrack, who has mediated between the two sides in recent weeks. (Zakros - Agencies)

After the suspicious fall of the major cities of Darfur, and the withdrawal of the army from them, in the face of the Rapid Support Forces’ (RSF) takeover, along with the suffocating siege these forces are imposing on the last remaining state, North Darfur and its capital, Al-Fashir, while the army fails to drive them out, suddenly there comes talk of a parallel government led by them in Nyala...

In the previous two sections, we discussed socialist and capitalist financial thought and clarified the foundations upon which each is based. In this section, we will address Islamic financial thought and the principles on which it is founded.