Central Asia was historically a single region and state, with exceptionally fertile lands and a unified people adhering to Sunni Islam and the Hanafi school of thought. This region was rich and prosperous, boasting a high level of civilization and culture, and its people enjoyed well-being and prosperity.

“This is the Book in which there is no doubt, a guidance to Al-Muttaqeen” [TMQ Surah Al-Baqarah 2:2]...

This verse, and the rest of the separated letters at the beginning of the surahs, are all from the mutashabih (ambiguous), meaning those ayaat that carry more than one meaning. As such, they require exerting some effort to interpret their meaning, i.e. to determine the most preponderant meaning.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States has found itself as the sole superpower in the international system. However, it has paid a heavy price for this singular dominance. Its adoption of a unipolar model and its unilateral management of global crises led to cumulative economic and financial exhaustion, accelerating the pace of crises and structural breakdowns within the capitalist system itself.