Assalamu alaikum, who bears the difference in currency if the debtor delayed the repayment of the debt to the creditor without excuse for ten years, for example, whether the debt is a wage or loan?

borrowing from foreign countries and international financial institutions, where it is mentioned in the book The Funds in the Khilafah "Caliphate" State that it is prohibited by the Shariah because borrowing from them cannot happen except via usurious interest and conditions... The question is: When can the borrowing be permitted, and what are the conditions which makes it prohibited? Is there a difference if these countries are in treaty or…

In the book Political Concepts, under the chapter "Motives Behind Global Struggle" on page 30 English version (page 54 Arabic version), the first line on the first paragraph mentions: "Since the dawn of history to the day of judgement, the motives of the nations for global struggle are either pride and the desire for sovereignty or the pursuance of material interests."

1-  Can we say that the Manat of the ruling (the land) changes in the case of As-Saniya, since it has become a land that include facilities that are a part of it and it is not a bare land? 2-  If a land is not specified for farming production such as producing decoration flowers or plant (nurseries) or for farming animals will the Manat of the ruling also changes?…